# Compared to moderate-intensity continuous training, short-term high-intensity interval training demonstrates enhanced effects on metabolic flexibility in adult males with obesity

PMID: 40799940
Journal: Journal of exercise science and fitness
Published: 2025 Oct
Authors: Zhang JZ, Liu XM, Lu SQ, Cao ZB, Zhu Z

## Question

Do three days of energy-matched HIIT and MICT differ in their effects on metabolic flexibility and glucose metabolism in adult men with obesity?

## Summary

In young sedentary men with obesity, three consecutive days of stationary-bike HIIT and energy-matched MICT both improved fasting fat oxidation and glucose tolerance. HIIT took 30 minutes per session versus 60 minutes for MICT and produced stronger respiratory quotient responses during the glucose challenge, suggesting better short-term metabolic flexibility. The study was acute and male-only, so it is not evidence that a 3-day program produces durable weight or fitness changes.

## Population

- Sedentary adult male individuals with obesity recruited from a university campus and surrounding communities.
- Sample size: 20
- Age: 21.4 +/- 1.5 years
- Sex: All male
- Fitness level: Sedentary; average daily sedentary time >=8 h or >60% accelerometer wear time; no habitual exercise routine
- Health status: Obesity with normal blood glucose and blood pressure; excluded diabetes, prediabetes, hypertension, metabolism-affecting medications, and physical limitations

## Methodology

- Randomized controlled crossover trial
- Two 3-day interventions separated by a 7-day washout
- Supervised laboratory stationary-bike exercise at Shanghai University of Sports
- Randomized and controlled study design.

## Protocol

- Short-term HIIT.
- Modality: Stationary bike.
- Work intervals: 2.5 minutes at 90% VO2peak.
- Recovery: 2.5 minutes active recovery at 25% VO2peak.
- Sets or repetitions: 6 high-intensity bouts within 30 minutes.
- Intensity: Workload calculated from measured VO2peak and adjusted in real time with heart-rate monitoring.
- Session duration: 30 minutes exercise plus 150 minutes sedentary recovery observation.
- Frequency: Daily for 3 consecutive days.
- Program length: 3 days per intervention period.
- Progression: No progression; short-term standardized protocol.
- Energy-matched MICT.
- Modality: Stationary bike.
- Work intervals: Continuous cycling.
- Sets or repetitions: One 60-minute bout.
- Intensity: 50% VO2peak.
- Session duration: 60 minutes exercise plus 120 minutes sedentary recovery observation.
- Frequency: Daily for 3 consecutive days.
- Program length: 3 days per intervention period.
- Progression: No progression.

## Outcomes

### Fasting RQ
Status: improved
Both exercise modes reduced fasting RQ similarly, consistent with increased fasting fat oxidation.

Fasting RQ time effect p=0.001; no group x treatment interaction p=0.469.

### Glucose tolerance and insulin resistance
Status: improved
Both HIIT and MICT reduced glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and HOMA-IR responses and increased Matsuda index.

Exercise reduced HOMA-IR p<0.001 and increased Matsuda index p=0.001; glucose and insulin iAUC p<0.001.

### Metabolic flexibility during OGTT
Status: improved
HIIT produced higher delta RQ and RQ iAUC than MICT, suggesting stronger glucose oxidation response after glucose loading.

Group x treatment interaction: RQ iAUC p=0.012; delta RQ p=0.013.

### Duration of effect
Status: mixed
Fasting RQ returned toward baseline by the second day after intervention, suggesting short-lived fasting oxidation effects.

D2 fasting RQ increased vs D1 in both interventions, p<0.05, with no significant difference from baseline.

## Practical Insights

- Energy-matched HIIT can deliver acute metabolic benefits in half the exercise time of MICT in young men with obesity.
- For app content, this supports short stationary-bike interval options for metabolic health, but not durable claims from only three days of training.
- A 2.5 minute hard / 2.5 minute easy structure is more accessible than all-out sprinting but still requires individualized intensity calibration.

## Limitations

- Only 20 young adult men completed the crossover trial.
- Short-term intervention; no long-term fitness, body composition, or adherence outcomes.
- OGTT glucose load does not represent mixed real-world meals.
- Women and broader age groups were not studied.
- Exercise was supervised in a laboratory with gas-exchange and workload calibration.

## Safety And Adherence

- Two withdrawals occurred for personal reasons before completion.
- No adverse events were described in the extracted text.
- Stationary cycling was selected partly to standardize workload and minimize knee joint stress in individuals with obesity.

## Original Sources

- [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40799940/) (pubmed)
- [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2025.07.005) (doi)
- [PMC full text](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12341516/) (full text)

## Agent Guidance

Preserve the paper-level scope of this note. Do not generalize beyond the population, protocol, measured outcomes, and limitations above.